Volume: 46 Issue: 1
Comparative studies on variation of β-Asarone composition in Acorus calamus Linn. by GC and HPLC
Year: 2024, Page: 17-22, Doi: https://doi.org/10.62029/jmaps.v46i1.sumalatha
Received: March 12, 2024 Accepted: May 10, 2024 Published: May 10, 2024
The objective of this study was to assess the essential oil yields and chemical composition of the root of two varieties of Acorus calamus, namely the local and Jabalpur varieties. Gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis identified β-Asarone as the major chemical constituent. Notable findings revealed that fresh samples exhibited higher essential oil yield and β-Asarone content compared to various drying methods. Specifically, powdering the Jabalpur material resulted in a significant percentage (2.0%) of essential oils, with negligible variations observed in β-Asarone content. Additionally, besides GC, a straightforward and effective reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed for β-Asarone analysis from A. calamus root extracts in different solvents. Interestingly, the spent material also contained a considerable amount of β-Asarone. Among the different solvent extractions, ethyl acetate extracts exhibited the highest percentage (62%) of β-Asarone, while the lowest amount was recorded in methanol extract (37.47%).
Keywords: Acorus calamus, Essential oil, GC, HPLC, β-Asarone.
Bains, J. S., Dhuna, V., Singh, J., Kamboj, S. S., Nijjar, K. K., and Agrewala, J. N. (2005). Novel lectins from rhizomes of two Acorus species with mitogenic activity and inhibitory potential towards murine cancer cell lines. International Immunopharmacology, 5(9), 1470-1478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2005.04.004.
Balakumbahan, R., Rajamani, K., and Kumanan, K. (2010). Acorus calamus: An overview. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(25), 2740-2745. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR.9000038.
Gildemeister, E., Hoffmann, F., (1900). The volatile oils. Translated by Edward Kremers. Volume 1, Wiley. 301.
Hao, Z., Zhang, Y., Cao, Y., Sun, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, C., Liang, D., Liu, Y., and Feng, W. (2023). Chemical constituents from Acorus calamus with potent anti-diabetic and hepatoprotective activities. Fitoterapia, 169, 105591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105591.
Iguchi, M., Nishiyama, A., Koyama, H., Yamamura, S., and Hirata, Y. (1968). Isolation and structures of three new sesquiterpenes. Tetrahedron Letters, 9(51), 5315-5318. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(00)75372-X.
Jayaraman, R., Anitha, T., and Joshi, V. D. (2010). Analgesic and anticonvulsant effects of Acorus calamus roots in mice. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 2(1), 552-555.
Kaushik, S., and Kaushik, S. (2020). Study of the anxiolytic activity of ethanolic extract of root of Acorus calamus in albino mice. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Clinical Research, 13(12), 77-80. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2020.v13i12.39557.
Kim, H., Han, T. H., and Lee, S. G. (2009). Anti-inflammatory activity of a water extract of Acorus calamus L. leaves on keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 122(1), 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.12.011.
Mukherjee, P. K., Kumar, V., Mal, M., and Houghton, P. J. (2007). In vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the essential oil from Acorus calamus and its main constituents. Planta Medica, 73(03), 283-285. DOI:10.1055/s-2007-967114.
Sandeep, D., and Nair, C. K. K. (2012). Protection from lethal and sub-lethal whole body exposures of mice to γ-radiation by Acorus calamus L.: Studies on tissue antioxidant status and cellular DNA damage. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology, 64(1-2), 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etp.2010.06.006.
Shah, A. J., and Gilani, A. H. (2010). Bronchodilatory effect of Acorus calamus (Linn.) is mediated through multiple pathways. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 131(2), 471-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.024.
Sharma, V., Sharma, R., Gautam, D. S., Kuca, K., Nepovimova, E., and Martins, N. (2020). Role of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) in neurological and metabolic disorders: evidence from ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and clinical study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(4), 1176. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041176.
Vengadesh Prabu, K., George, T., Vinoth Kumar, R., Nancy, J., Kalaivani, M., and Vijayapandi, P. (2009). Neuromodulatory effect of Acorus calamus leaves extract on dopaminergic system in mice. International Journal of Pharm Tech Research, 1(4), 1255-1259.
Venskutonis, P. R., and Dagilyte, A. (2003). Composition of essential oil of sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.) leaves at different growing phases. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 15(5), 313-318. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2003.9698598.
Wu, H. S., Zhu, D. F., Zhou, C. X., Feng, C. R., Lou, Y. J., Yang, B., and He, Q. J. (2009). Insulin sensitizing activity of ethyl acetate fraction of Acorus calamus L. in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 123(2), 288- 292. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/ j.jep.2009.03.004
© CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Munigela, S., Arigari, N. K., Jonnala, K. K., Kalavagunta, V. N. S., Miriyala, V. K., & Kommineni, V. (2024). Comparative studies on variation of β-Asarone composition in Acorus calamus Linn. by GC and HPLC. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 46(1), 17-22. https://doi.org/10.62029/jmaps.v46i1.sumalatha
