Volume: 46 Issue: 1
Production, economics, properties and industrial uses of essential oil of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin): A review
CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
*Corresponding author; email: [email protected]
Year: 2024, Page: 1-9, Doi: https://doi.org/10.62029/jmaps.v46i1.verma
Received: Jan. 5, 2024 Accepted: March 12, 2024 Published: Aug. 12, 2024
Abstract
Patchouli, botanically known as Pogostemon cablin Benth., belongs to the family Lamiaceae and is renowned for its significant medicinal and aromatic attributes. The primary purpose of its cultivation is to obtain its valuable essential oil, which is obtained by distillation of leaves and tender herbs. Patchouli and its essential oil have various medicinal and aromatic properties, which are used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, aromatherapy, food flavor, toiletries, perfumery and agarbatti production. Patchouli essential oil is a highly demandable produce in national and international markets, but the production of its oil is very low compared to global demand and the demand is increasing every year. Hence, to fulfill the global demand it is necessary to increase production by adopting improved cultivation practices and primary processing. The objective of this study is to collect secondary data on improved cultivation practices, varieties, production, uses, properties, export and import in India and global market aspects of patchouli. As more than 80% of patchouli oil is imported from other countries to fulfill our demand, it is an urgent need to popularize the cultivation and processing of patchouli among the farmers as an import substitution of this oil to save the Indian currency and supply the quality oil to the desired industries.
Keywords: Patchouli, Essential oil, Cultivation, Enhancement production, Import substitution.
References
Adhavan, P., Kaur, G., Princy, A., & Murugan, R. (2017). Essential oil nanoemulsions of wild patchouli attenuate multi-drug resistant gram-positive, gram-negative and Candida albicans. Industrial Crops and Products, 100, 106–116.
Bhaskar, S. (1995). Growth, herbage and oil yields of patchouli (Pogostemon patchouli) as influenced by cultivars and nitrogen fertilization. Indian Perfumer, 39, 35–35.
Bhaskar, S., & Kumar, T. V. (2000). Agronomic bottlenecks, genetic barriers and marketing impediments in patchouli (Pogostemon patchouli) production.
Buckle, J. (2002). Clinical aromatherapy and AIDS. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS care, 13(3), 81–99.
Chadha, K. L. (Ed.). (1995). Advances in horticulture (Vol. 11, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants). Malhotra Publishing House.
Choudhri, H. P. S., Verma, D. K., Kumar, Y., Sharma, R. S., & Kumar, S. (2023). Export-import performance of patchouli oil in India: Growth and instability analysis. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 41(9), 305–311.
Clarke, S. (Ed.). (2009). Essential chemistry for aromatherapy. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Cobley, L. S. (1976). An introduction to the botany of tropical crops (2nd ed). Longman.
Da Cunha, S. M. D., Alves, C. A., Ribeiro, L. S. M., Macedo, M. A., Da Silva, A. L. S., Cunha, F. N., ... & Lima, E. O. (2023). Bioprospecting of the antifungal activity of Patchouli essential oil (Pogostemon cablin Benth) against strains of the genus Candida. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 17(1), 1–7.
Farooqi, A. A., & Sreeramu, B. S. (2004). Cultivation of medicinal and Aromatic crops. Universities Press.
Garbuio, C., Biasi, L. A., de Jesus Kowalski, A. P., Signor, D., Machado, E. M., & Deschamps, C. (2007). Propagação por estaquia em patchouli com diferentes números de folhas e tipos de estacas. Scientia Agraria, 8(4), 435–438.
Guenther, E. (1949). The essential oils: History-origin in plants production-analysis (Vol. 3, pp. 552–575). New York.
Aus Gyanya. (2023). CSIR-CIMAP, 14–15.
Hartmann, H. T., Kester, D. E. (2011). Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices (8th ed, p. 915). Prentice-Hall.
Haze, S., Sakai, K., & Gozu, Y. (2002). Effects of fragrance inhalation on sympathetic activity in normal adults. Japanese Journal of Pharmacology, 90(3), 247–253.
Ichikawa, K., Kinoshita, T., & Sankawa, U. (1989). The screening of Chinese crude drugs for Ca2+ antagonist activity: Identification of active principles from the aerial part of Pogostemon cablin and the fruits of Prunus mume. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 37(2), 345–348.
Junren, C., Xiaofang, X., Mengting, L., Qiuyun, X., Gangmin, L., Huiqiong, Z., ... & Cheng, P. (2021). Pharmacological activities and mechanisms of action of Pogostemon cablin Benth: A review. Chinese medicine, 16, 1–20.
Kalra, A., Gupta, A. K., Khanuja, S. P. S., Chauhan, H. S., Prakasa Rao, E. V. S., Singh, S., Singh, H. N., Darokar, M. P., Shasany, A. K., Mathavan, E., Singh, A. K., Saikia, D., Lal, R. K., Dhawan, O. P., Gupta, M. L., Tandon, S., Singh, A. K., Singh, H. P., Zaim, M., ... Yadav, A. (2006). A high herb and oil yielding genotype of Pogostemon patchouli with faster regeneration capabilities “CIM-Samarth”. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 28, 420–423.
Kerr, J. (2002). The use of essential oils in healing wounds. International Journal of Aromatherapy, 12(4), 202–206.
Kiyohara, H., Ichino, C., Kawamura, Y., Nagai, T., Sato, N., & Yamada, H. (2012). Patchouli alcohol: in-vitro direct anti-influenza virus sesquiterpene in Pogostemon cablin Benth. Journal of Natural Medicines, 66, 55–61.
Kumar, A. N. U. P., Gauniyal, A. K., & Virmani, O. P. (1986). Cultivation of Pogostemon patchouli for its oil.
Kumar, K. P. (2004, June). India-A great leap forward. In Proceedings of the International Seminar of Prospectus and Potentials of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops (pp. 18–19). Bangalore, India.
Kumar, S., Kukreja, A. K., Dwivedi, S., & Singh, A. K. (2000). Proceedings of the national seminar on the research and development in aromatic plants: Current trends in biology, uses, production and marketing of essential oils. Lucknow, India, 30–31 July 1999.
Kumaraswamy, M., & Anuradha, M. (2010). Micropropagation of Pogostemon cablin Benth. through direct regeneration for production of true to type plants. Plant Tissue Culture and Biotechnology, 20(1), 81–89.
Lal, V. S. R., Gupta, C. C. S. D. P., Namita, S. S., Kumar, S. T. S. K. B., Chandra, A. N. A. C. R., Chaturvedi, T., ... & Singh, A. M. S. (2019). Cim-Utkrisht: A high essential oil yielding variety of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth) with a unique aroma suitable for cultivation under North Indian conditions. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 41(1-4), 79–85.
Lawrence, B. M. (2009). A preliminary report on the world production of some selected essential oils and countries. Perfumer & Flavorist, 34(4), 38–44.
Lin, R. F., Feng, X. X., Li, C. W., Zhang, X. J., Yu, X. T., Zhou, J. Y., ... & Zhan, J. Y. X. (2014). Prevention of UV radiation-induced cutaneous photoaging in mice by topical administration of patchouli oil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 154(2), 408–418.
Mishra, R. C., Singh, R., Shahi, S. K., Singh, H. B., & Dikshit, A. (2000). Biological management of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) wilt caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Current Science, 78(3), 230–232.
Narayanappa, M., Chacko, C. I., & Kumar, T. V. (1984). Wilt of patchouli-a new disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Current Science, 53(16), 850–851.
Park, E. K., Yoon, H. K., & Kim, D. H. (2002). Antithrombotic activity of Sunghyangjunggisan. Natural Product Sciences, 8(2), 71–75.
Prakasa Rao, E. V. S., Ganesha Rao, R. S., Narayana, M. R., & Ramesh, S. (1997). Influence of shade on yield and quality of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin) oil. Indian Perfumer, 41(4), 164–166.
Ramya, H. G., Palanimuthu, V., & Rachna, S. (2013). An introduction to patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.)–A medicinal and aromatic plant: It’s importance to mankind. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 15(2), 243–250.
Rao, E. V. S. P., Gopinath, C. T., & Rao, R. S. G. (1998). Alternate furrow irrigation for geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) and patchouli (Pogostemon cablin).
Saravanan, R., Kumar, V. S., & Maiti, S. (2015). Standardization of single eye cutting in patchouli (Pogostemon cablin). Current Horticulture, 3(1), 19–23.
Singh, B. R., Singh, V., Ebibeni, N., & Singh, R. K. (2013). Antimicrobial and herbal drug resistance in enteric bacteria isolated from faecal droppings of common house lizard/gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus). International Journal of Microbiology, 2013(1), 340848.
Singh, M. (1996). Effect of irrigation and plant spacing on herb and oil yields of patchouli (Pogostemon patchouli) under semi-arid tropical conditions.
Singh, M. (2012). Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of patchouli [Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.] in a semi-arid tropical climate. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops, 20(1), 37–43.
Singh, M., Sharma, S., & Ramesh, S. (2002). Herbage, oil yield and oil quality of patchouli [Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.] influenced by irrigation, organic mulch and nitrogen application in semi-arid tropical climate. Industrial Crops and Products, 16(2), 101–107.
Souhoka, F. A., Al Aziz, A. Z., & Nazudin, N. (2020). Patchouli oil isolation and identification of chemical components using GC-MS. Indonesian Journal of Chemical Research, 8(2), 108–113.
Stuepp, C. A., Zuffellato-Ribas, K. C., Wendling, I., Koehler, H. S., & Bona, C. (2014). Vegetative propagation of mature dragon trees through epicormic shoots. Revista Bosque, 35(3), 337–345.
Sujatha, S., Bhat, R., Kannan, C., & Balasimha, D. (2011). Impact of intercropping of medicinal and aromatic plants with organic farming approach on resource use efficiency in arecanut (Areca catechu L.) plantation in India. Industrial crops and products, 33(1), 78-83.
Sumi, H. (2003). Fibrinolysis-accelerating activity of the essential oils and Shochu aroma. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 33(1), 1–6
Sundaresan, V., Singh, S. P., Mishra, A. N., Shasany, A. K., Darokar, M. P., Kalra, A., & Naqvi, A. A. (2009). Composition and comparison of essential oils of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.(Patchouli) and Pogostemon travancoricus Bedd. var. travancoricus. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 21(3), 220–222.
Swamy, M. K., & Sinniah, U. R. (2015). A comprehensive review on the phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Pogostemon cablin Benth.: An aromatic medicinal plant of industrial importance. Molecules, 20(5), 8521–8547.
Swamy, M. K., & Sinniah, U. R. (2016). Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.): Botany, agrotechnology and biotechnological aspects. Industrial Crops and Products, 87, 161–176.
Syafruddin, S., Syakur, S., Saiful, S., Susanti, E., Manfarizah, M., Khalil, M., & Ferayanti, F. (2020). The effect of soil orders and mycorrhizal biofertilizer on growth and yield of Aceh’s organic patchouli. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(7), 334–341.
Tripathi, Y., Kaushik, P., & Pandey, B. P. (2005). A promising medicinal and aromatic crop for Northeastern India. Recent Progress in Medicinal Plants, 9, 289–310.
USDA-NRCS. (2012). Plants Database: Plants Profile. Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.
Wei, A., & Shibamoto, T. (2007). Antioxidant activities and volatile constituents of various essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55(5), 1737–1742.
Wu, X. L., Ju, D. H., Chen, J., Yu, B., Liu, K. L., He, J. X., ... & Chen, X. Y. (2013). Immunologic mechanism of patchouli alcohol anti-H1N1 influenza virus may through regulation of the RLH signal pathway in vitro. Current Microbiology, 67, 431–436.
Xie, Y. C., & Tang, F. (2009). Protective effect of Pogostemon cablin on membrane fluidity of intestinal epithelia cell in ischemia/reperfusion rats after ischemia/reperfusion. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, 29(7), 639–641.
Yang, X., Zhang, X., Yang, S. P., & Liu, W. Q. (2013). Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of patchouli oil. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR, 12(3), 307.
Zhang, Z., Chen, X., Chen, H., Wang, L., Liang, J., Luo, D., ... & Su, Z. (2016). Anti-inflammatory activity of β-patchoulene isolated from patchouli oil in mice. European Journal of Pharmacology, 781, 229–238.
Copyright
©CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
Cite this article
Verma, R. K., Kumar, V., Verma, R. P., Singh, V. R., & Srivastava, R. K. (2024). Production, economics, properties and industrial uses of essential oil of patchouli (Pogostemon cablin): A review. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 46(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.62029/jmaps.v46i1.verma
