Volume: 45 Issue: 3
Garlic (Allium sativum L.): An overview of its biochemical composition, functional properties, ayurvedic, therapeutic and ethnoveterinary uses
Year: 2023, Page: 89-107, Doi: https://doi.org/10.62029/jmaps.v45i3.chanda
Received: Sept. 25, 2023 Accepted: Dec. 3, 2023 Published: Dec. 31, 2023
Garlic is a bulbous herb and one of the oldest cultivated plants. It is used as a food item for culinary purposes and spice and is also regarded as traditional medicine in different parts of the world. Garlic not only adds taste to foods but also helps to make them digestible. It has high nutritional values and possesses different valuable minerals, vitamins and many other substances that contribute health benefits to human beings. It contains sugar, protein, fat, calcium, potassium, phosphorous, sulphur, iodine, fibre, silicon, and vitamins. Furthermore, garlic has many functional benefits like antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity. As a result, researchers worldwide are interested in ascertaining garlic's medicinal properties due to its broad-spectrum therapeutic uses in human health. This review explores all aspects of phytochemical, pharmacological and medicinal uses of garlic.
Keywords: Garlic, Phytochemical, Therapeutic, Ethnoveterinary uses
Ahmad TA, El-Sayed BA, El-Sayed LH. 2016. Development of immunization trials against Eimeria spp. Trials in Vaccinol 5: 38-47.
Ajayi GO, Adeniyi TT, Babayemi DO. 2009. Hepatoprotective and some haematological effects of Allium sativum and vitamin C in leadexposed Wistar rats. Int J Med Med Sci 1: 064-7.
Andrianova IV, Sobenin IA, Sereda EV, Borodina LI, Studenikin MI. 2003. Effects of the long-acting garlic tablets "Allicor" on the incidence of acute respiratory viral infections in children. Ter Arkh 78: 53-6.
Ankri S, Mirelman D. 1999. Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Microbes Infect 2: 125-129.
Appel E, Vallon-Eberhard A, Rabinkov A, Brenner O, Shin I, Sasson K, Shadkchan Y, Osherov N, Jung S, Mirelman D. 2010. Therapy of murine pulmonary aspergillosis with antibody-alliinase conjugates and alliin. Antimic Agents Chemoth 54: 898-906.
Arreola R, Quintero-Fabián S, López-Roa RI, Flores-Gutiérrez EO, Reyes-Grajeda JP, Carrera-Quintanar L, Ortuño-Sahagún D. 2015.Immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory effects of garlic compounds. J Immunol Res 2015: 401630. doi: 10.1155/2015/401630
Asdaq SM, Inamdar MN. 2010. The potential of garlic and its active constituent, S-allyl cysteine, as antihypertensive and cardioprotective in the presence of captopril. Phytomed 17: 1016–1026. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.07.012.
Asdaq SMB, Inamdar MN. 2011. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions of propranolol with garlic (Allium sativum) in rats. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 824042. DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neq076.
Askari M, Mozaffari H, Darooghegi Mofrad M, Jafari A, Surkan PJ, Amini MR, Azadbakht L. 2021. Effects of garlic supplementation on oxidative stress and antioxidative capacity biomarkers:a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res 35: 3032-45.
Aslani N, Entezari MH, Askari G, Maghsoudi Z, Maracy MR. 2016. Effect of garlic and lemon juice mixture on lipid profile and some cardiovascular risk factors in people 30-60 years old with moderate hyperlipidaemia: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Prev Med 7.
Avato P, Tursil E, Vitali C, Miccolis V, Candido V. 2000. Allylsulfide constituents of garlic volatile oil as antimicrobial agents. Phytomed 7: 239–243. 10.1016/s0944-7113(00)80010-0
Ban JO, Oh JH, Kim TM, Kim DJ, Jeong HS, Han SB, Hong JT. 2009. Anti-inflammatory and arthritic effects of thiacremonone, a novel sulfur compound isolated from garlic via inhibition of NF-κB. Arthritis Res Ther 11: 1-3.
Bayan L, Koulivand PH, Gorji A. 2014. Garlic: a review of potential therapeutic effects. Avicenna J Phytomed 4: 1.
Bhandari PR. 2012. Garlic (Allium sativum L.): a review of potential therapeutic applications. Int J Green Pharm Article 102826, doi: 10.4103/0973-8258.
Bin C, Al-Dhabi NA, Esmail GA, Arokiyaraj S, Arasu MV. 2020. Potential effect of Allium sativum bulb for the treatment of biofilm-forming clinical pathogens recovered from periodontal and dental caries. Saudi J Biol Sci 27: 1428-34.
Bolton S, Null G, Troetel WH. 1982. The medicinal uses of garlic-fact or fiction. Am Pharm 22: 448-451.
Borek C. 2001. Antioxidant Health Effects of Aged Garlic Extract. The J Nutrition 131: 1010S–1015S.
Borrelli F, Capasso R, Izzo AA. 2007. Garlic (Allium sativum L.): adverse effects and drug interactions in humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 51: 1386-97.
Bradley JM, Organ CL, Lefer DJ. 2016. Garlic-derived organic polysulfides and myocardial protection. J Nutr 146: 403S-9S.
Brown DG, Wilkerson EC, Love WE. 2015. A review of traditional and novel oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy for dermatologists and dermatologic surgeons. J Am Acad Dermatol 72: 524-34.
Capasso, A. 2013. Antioxidant action and therapeutic efficacy of Allium sativum L. Molecules 18: 690–700.
Charu K, Yogita S, Sonali S. 2014. Neutraceutical potential of organosulfur compounds in fresh garlic and garlic preparations. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 5: 112-26.
Cruz C, Correa-Rotter R, Sánchez-González DJ, Hernández-Pando R, Maldonado PD, Martínez-Martínez CM, Medina-Campos ON, Tapia E, Aguilar D, Chirino YI, Pedraza-Chaverri J. 2017. Renoprotective and antihypertensive effects of S-allylcysteine in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Am J Physiol-Ren Physiol 293: F1691-8.
Dehghani S, Alipoor E, Salimzadeh A, Yaseri M, Hosseini M, Feinle-Bisset C, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJ. 2018. The effect of a garlic supplement on the pro-inflammatory adipocytokines, resistin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and on pain severity, in overweight or obese women with knee osteoarthritis. Phytomed 48: 70-5.
Dethier B, Nott K, Fauconnier ML. 2013. (Bio) synthesis, extraction and purification of garlic derivatives showing therapeutic properties. In: National Symposium on Applied Biological Sciences. Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent, Belgium.
Didry N, Dubreuil L, Pinkas M. 1992. Antimicrobial activity of naphthaquinones and Allium extracts combined with antibiotics. Pharmacol Acta Helv 67: 148-151.
Diretto G, Rubio-Moraga A, Argandoña J, Castillo P, Gómez-Gómez L, Ahrazem O. 2017. Tissuespecific accumulation of sulfur compounds and saponins in different parts of garlic cloves from purple and white ecotypes. Molecules 22: 1359.
Dirsch VM, Kiemer AK, Wagner H, Vollmar AM. 1998. Effect of allicin and ajoene, two compounds of garlic, on inducible nitric oxide synthase. Atherosclerosis 139: 333-9.
Drobiova H, Thomson M, Al-Qattan K, Peltonen-Shalaby R, Al-Amin Z, Ali M. 2011. Garlic increases antioxidant levels in diabetic and hypertensive rats, determined by a modified peroxidase method. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011: 703049. doi: 10.1093/ecam/nep011.
Dubey H. 2012. Allicin, a SUR2 opener: possible mechanism for the treatment of diabetic hypertension in rats. Rev Bras Farmacogn 22: 1053-1059.
El-Saber Batiha G, Magdy Beshbishy A, G. Wasef L, Elewa YH, A. Al-Sagan A, Abd El-Hack ME, Taha AE, M. Abd-Elhakim Y, Prasad Devkota H. 2020. Chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of garlic (Allium sativum L.): A review. Nutrients 12: 872.
Fasolino I, Izzo AA, Clavel T, Romano B, Haller D, Borrelli F. 2015. Orally administered allyl sulfides from garlic ameliorate murine colitis. Mol Nutr Food Res 59: 434–442. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201400347.
Fratianni F, Riccardi R, Spigno P, Ombra MN, Cozzolino A, Tremonte P, Coppola R, Nazzaro F. 2016. Biochemical characterization and antimicrobial and antifungal activity of two endemic varieties of garlic (Allium sativum L.) of the Campania region, southern Italy. J Med Food 19: 686-91.
Gebreyohannes G, Gebreyohannes M. 2013. Medicinal values of garlic: A review. Int J Medicine and Medical Sci 5: 401-408.
Gruhlke MC, Nwachwukwu I, Arbach M, Anwar A, Noll U, Slusarenko AJ. 2010. Allicin from garlic, effective in controlling several plant diseases, is a reactive sulfur species (RSS) that pushes cells into apoptosis. In: Modern fungicides and antifungal compounds VI. 16th International Reinhardsbrunn Symposium, Friedrichroda, Germany, Deutsche Phytomedizinische Gesellschaft eV Selbstverlag, pp. 325-330.
Guo YJ. 2014. Experimental study on the optimization of extraction process of garlic oil and its antibacterial effects. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 11: 411–414.
Hodge G, Davis S, Rice M, Tapp H, Saxon B, Revesz T. 2008. Garlic compounds selectively kill childhood pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells in vitro without reducing T-cell function: Potential therapeutic use in the treatment of ALL. Biologics: Targets Therapy 2: 143-9.
Hu X, Cao BN, Hu G, He J, Yang DQ, Wan YS. 2002. Attenuation of cell migration and induction of cell death by aged garlic extract in rat sarcoma cells. Int J Mol Med 9: 641-3.
Ishikawa H, Saeki T, Otani T, Suzuki T, Shimozuma K, Nishino H, Fukuda S, Morimoto K. 2006. Aged garlic extract prevents a decline of NK cell number and activity in patients with advanced cancer. J Nutr 136: 816S-82OS.
Jang HJ, Lee HJ, Yoon DK, Ji DS, Kim JH, Lee CH. 2018. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of fresh garlic and aged garlic by-products extracted with different solvents. Food Sci Biotechnol 27: 219-25.
Jones MG, Collin HA, Tregova A, Trueman L, Brown L, Cosstick R, Hughes J, Milne J, Wilkinson MC, Tomsett AB, Thomas B. 2007. The biochemical and physiological genesis of alliin in garlic. Med Arom Pl Sci Biotech 1: 21-4.
Josling P. 2001. Preventing the common cold with a garlic supplement: A double-blind, placebocontrolled survey. Adv Ther 18: 189–193.
Kahn G. 1996. History of garlic. In Koch HP, Lawson LD, eds. Garlic: The Science and Therapeutic Application of Allium sativum L. and Related Species. Williams and Wilkins, New York, NY.pp. 25-36.
Kaur G, Padiya R, Adela R, Putcha UK, Reddy GS, Reddy BR, Kumar KP, Chakravarty S, Banerjee SK. 2016. Garlic and resveratrol attenuate diabetic complications, loss of β-cells, pancreatic and hepatic oxidative stress in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats. Front Pharmacol 7: 360.
Khade YP, Thangasamy A, Gorrepati K. 2017. Garlic production technology. Indian Horticulture 62: 57-59. https://epubs.icar.org. in/index.php/IndHort/article/view/87715.
Kim SM, Kubota K, Kobayashi A. 1997. Antioxidative activity of sulfur-containing flavor compounds in garlic. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 61: 1482-5.
Ko JW, Jeong SH, Kwon HJ, Shin NR, Seo YS, Kim JC, Shin IS, Kim JS. 2018. Preventive effect of garlic oil and its organosulfur component diallyldisulfide on cigarette smoke-induced airway inflammation in mice. Nutrients 10: 1659.
Koca BT, Tasci B. 2016. Garlic as a functional food. Acta Hortic 1143: 139-146. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1143.20.
Lanzotti V, Scala F, Bonanomi G. 2014. Compounds from Allium species with cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity. Phytochem Rev 13: 769-791.
Lee HS. 2016. Antiobesity effect of garlic extract fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum BL2 in diet-induced obese mice. J Med Food 19: 823-829.
Lee SK, Park YJ, Ko MJ, Wang Z, Lee HY, Choi YW, Bae YS. 2015. A novel natural compound from garlic (Allium sativum L.) with therapeutic effects against experimental polymicrobial sepsis. Biochem Biophy Res Commun 464: 774-9.
Lemar KM, Miguel AA, Sonia C, Brian O, Carsten TM, David L. 2007. Diallyl disulphide depletes glutathione in Candida albicans: oxidative stress mediated cell death studied by two-photon microscopy. Yeast 24: 695-706.
Li WQ, Zhang JY, Ma JL, Li ZX, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Zhou T, Li JY, Shen L, Liu WD. 2019. Effects of Helicobacter pylori treatment and vitamin and garlic supplementation on gastric cancer incidence and mortality: follow-up of a randomized intervention trial. BMJ 366: l5016. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l5016.
Li X, Kim HY, Cui HZ, Cho KW, Kang DG, Lee HS.2010. Water extract of Zanthoxylum piperitum induces vascular relaxation via endotheliumdependent NO-cGMP signaling. J Ethnopharmacol 129: 197–202. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.03.003.
Li Z, Le W, Cui Z. 2018. A novel therapeutic anticancer property of raw garlic extract via injection but not ingestion. Cell Death Discov 4: 108.
Liu X, Baecker A, Wu M, Zhou JY, Yang J, Han RQ, Wang PH, Liu AM, Gu X, Zhang XF, Wang XS.2019. Raw garlic consumption and risk of liver cancer: A population-based case-control study in Eastern China. Nutrients 11: 2038.
Makheja AN, Bailey JM. 1990. Antiplatelet constituents of garlic and onion. Agents Actions 29: 360-3. doi:10.1007/ BF01966468.
Martins N, Petropoulos S, Ferreira IC. 2016. Chemical composition and bioactive compounds of garlic (Allium sativum L.) as affected by pre- and postharvest conditions: A review. Food Chem 211: 41-50.
Mathew B, Biju R. 2008. Neuroprotective effects of garlic: a review. Libyan J Med 3: 23–33.
Melguizo-Rodríguez L, García-Recio E, Ruiz C, De Luna-Bertos E, Illescas-Montes R, Costela-Ruiz VJ. 2022. Biological properties and therapeutic applications of garlic and its components. Food Funct 13: 2415-2426. doi: 10.1039/d1fo03180e.
Metwally DM, Al-Olayan EM, Alanazi M, Alzahrany SB, Semlali A. 2018. Antischistosomal and anti-inflammatory activity of garlic and allicin compared with that of praziquantel in vivo. BMC Compl Altern Med 18: 1-1.
Miraghajani M, Rafie N, Hajianfar H, Larijani B, Azadbakht L. 2018. Aged garlic and cancer: A systematic review. Int J Prev Med 9: 84.
Morihara N, Hino A, Miki S, Takashima M, Suzuki JI. 2017. Aged garlic extract suppresses inflammation in apolipoprotein E‐knockout mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 61: 1700308.
Moutia M, Habti N, Badou A. 2018. In vitro and in vivo immunomodulator activities of Allium sativum L. Evid Based Compl Alternat Med 2018: 4984659.doi: 10.1155/2018/4984659.
Moyers S. 1996. History of garlic. In: Garlic in Health, History and World Cuisine. Suncoast Press, St. Petersburg, FL. Muluneh Bekele Etana. 2018. Review on the Agronomic Management Practices of Garlic (Allium sativum L.). J Biol Agric Healthcare 8.
Nakagawa S, Masamoto K, Sumiyoshi H, Kunihiro K, FUWA T. 1980. Effect of raw and extracted-aged garlic juice on growth of young rats and their organs after peroral administration. J Toxicol Sci 5: 91-112.
Nicastro HL, Ross SA, Milner JA. 2015. Garlic and onions: their cancer prevention properties. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 8: 181-9. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0172.
Nwachukwu ID, Slusarenko AJ, Gruhlke MC. 2012. Sulfur and sulfur compounds in plant defence. Nat Prod Commun 7: 1934578X1200700323.
Ogita A, Nagao Y, Fujita KI, Tanaka T. 2007. Amplification of vacuole-targeting fungicidal activity of antibacterial antibiotic polymyxin B by allicin, an allyl sulfur compound from garlic. The J Antibiot 60: 511-518.
Okoro BC, Dokunmu TM, Okafor E, Sokoya IA, Israel EN, Olusegun DO, Bella-Omunagbe M, Ebubechi UM, Ugbogu EE. 2023. The Ethnobotanical, Bioactive Compounds, Pharmacological Activities and Toxicological Evaluation of Garlic (Allium sativum): A Review. Pharmacol Res-Mod Chin Med 100273.
Pandrangi, A. 2015. Cancer Chemoprevention by Garlic – A Review, Hereditary Genet 4: 147.
Park BM, Cha SA, Kim HY, Kang DK, Yuan K, Chun H, Chae SW, Kim SH. 2016. Fermented garlic extract decreases blood pressure through nitrite and sGC-cGMP-PKG pathway in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Funct Foods 22: 156–165. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.01.034.
Park BM, Chun H, Chae SW, Kim SH. 2017. Fermented garlic extract ameliorates monocrotalineinduced pulmonary hypertension in rats. J Funct Foods 30: 247-53.
Pârvu M, Pârvu AE, Vlase L, Rosca-Casian O, Pârvu O, Puscas M. 2011. Allicin and alliin content and antifungal activity of Allium senescens L. ssp. montanum (FW Schmidt) Holub ethanol extract. J Med Plants Res 5: 6544-9.
Petrovic V, Nepal A, Olaisen C, Bachke S, Hira J, Søgaard CK, Røst LM, Misund K, Andreassen T, Melø TM, Bartsova Z. 2018. Anti-cancer potential of homemade fresh garlic extract is related to increased endoplasmic reticulum stress. Nutrients 10: 450.
Petrovska BB, Cekovska S. 2010. Extracts from the history and medical properties of garlic. Pharmacogn Rev 4: 106.
Rahman K, Lowe GM. 2006. Garlic and cardiovascular disease: a critical review. J Nutr 136: 736S-40S.
Rahman MS. 2007. Allicin and Other Functional Active Components in Garlic: Health Benefits and Bioavailability. Int J Food Prop 10: 245–268. doi: 10.1080/10942910601113327.
Rana SV, Pal R, Vaiphei K, Sharma SK, Ola RP. 2011. Garlic in health and disease. Nutr Res Rev 24: 60-71.
Ried K. 2020. Garlic lowers blood pressure in hypertensive subjects, improves arterial stiffness and gut microbiota: A review and meta-analysis. Exp Ther Med 19: 1472–1478.
Rivlin RS. 1998. Patient with hyperlipidemia who received garlic supplements. Lipid Manag. Report from the Lipid Education Council 3: 6-7.
Rivlin RS. 2001. Historical perspective on the use of garlic. J Nutr 131: 951S-954S.
Rodrigues C, Percival SS. 2019. Immunomodulatory effects of glutathione, garlic derivatives, and hydrogen sulfide. Nutrients 11: 295.
Sabitha P, Adhikari PM, Shenoy SM.2005. Efficacy of garlic paste in oral candidiasis. Trop Doct 35: 99-100.
Sampath Kumar KP, Debjit Bhowmik, Chiranjib, Pankaj Tiwari, Rakesh Kharel. 2010. Allium sativum and its health benefits: An overview. J Chem Pharm Res 2: 135-146.
Sangouni, AA. 2021. Effects of garlic powder supplementation on metabolic syndrome components, insulin resistance, fatty liver index, and appetite in subjects with metabolicsyndrome: A randomized clinical trial, Phytother Res 35: 4433–4441.
Sausbier M, Schubert R, Voigt V, Hirneiss C, Pfeifer A, Korth M, Kleppisch T, Ruth P, Hofmann F. 2000. Mechanisms of NO/cGMP-dependent vasorelaxation. Circ Res 87: 825–830. doi:10.1161/01.RES.87.9.825.
Shang A, Cao SY, Xu XY, Gan RY, Tang GY, Corke H, Mavumengwana V, Li HB. 2019. Bioactive compounds and biological functions of garlic (Allium sativum L.). Foods 8: 246.
Shanmugavelv KG, Kumar N, Peter KV. 2002. Production technology of spices and plantation crops. Agrobios, Jodhpur, India. Shashikanth KN, Basappa SC, Murthy VS. 1986. Effect of feeding raw and boiled garlic (A. sativum L.) extracts on the growth, caecal microflora and serum proteins of albino rats. Nutr Rep Int 33: 313-9.
Shashikanth KN, Basappa SC, Sreenivasamurthy V. 1985. Allicin concentration in the gut of rats and its influence on the microflora. J Food Sci Technol 22: 440-2.
Shokrzadeh M, Ebadi AG. 2006. Antibacterial effect of garlic (Allium sativum L.) on Staphylococcus aureus. Pak J Biol Sci 9: 1577–1579.
Singh R, Singh K. 2019. Garlic: a spice with wide medicinal actions. J Pharm and Phytochem 8: 1349–1355.
Singh V, Kumar R. 2017. Study of Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Allium sativum of Bundelkhand Region. Int J Life Sci Sci Res 3: 1451-1458.
Sobenin I, Andrianova I, Ionova V, Karagodin V, Orekhov. 2012. Anti-aggregatory and fibrinolytic effects of time-released garlic powder tablets. Appl Technol Innov 7: 1.
Steinmetz KA, Kushi LH, Bostick RM, Folsom AR, Potter JD. 1994. Vegetables, fruit, and colon cancer in the lowa women's health study. Am J epidemiology 139: 1-5.
Subrahmanyan V, Krishnamurthy K, Sreenivasamurthy V, Swaminathan M. 1958. The effect of garlic on certain intestinal bacteria. Food Sci 7: 223-4.
Subramanian MS, Nandagopal MS, Amin Nordin S, Thilakavathy K, Joseph N. 2020. Prevailing knowledge on the bioavailability and biological activities of sulphur compounds from alliums: A potential drug candidate. Molecules 25: 4111. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184111.
Suddek GM. 2014. Allicin enhances chemotherapeutic response and ameliorates tamoxifen-induced liver injury in experimental animals. Pharm Biol 52: 1009–1014.
Szychowski KA, Rybczynska-Tkaczyk K, Gawel-Beben K, Swieca M, Karas M, Jakuczyk A, Matysiak M, Binduga UE, Gminski J. 2018. Characterization of active compounds of different garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivars. Pol J Food Nutr Sci 68: 73-81. doi: 10.1515/pjfns-2017-0005
Takashima M, Kanamori Y, Kodera Y, Morihara N, Tamura K. 2017. Aged garlic extract exerts endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant effect on rat aorta by increasing nitric oxide production. Phytomed 24: 56–61. doi: 10.1016/ j.phymed.2016.11.016
Tattelman E. 2005. Health effects of garlic. Am Fam Physician 72: 103-106.
Thomson M, Al-Qattan KK, Js D, Ali M. 2016. Antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of aged garlic extract (AGE) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC Complement Altern Med 16: 1-9.
Ushijima M, Takashima M, Kunimura K, Kodera Y, Morihara N, Tamura K. 2018. Effects of S-1-propenylcysteine, a sulfur compound in aged garlic extract, on blood pressure and peripheral circulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 70: 559-65.
Wallock-Richards D, Doherty CJ, Doherty L, Clarke DJ, Place M, Govan JR, Campopiano DJ. 2014. Garlic revisited: antimicrobial activity of allicincontaining garlic extracts against Burkholderia cepacia complex. PLoS One 9: e112726.
Wang J, Zhang X, Lan H, Wang W. 2017. Effect of garlic supplement in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Nutr Res 61: 1377571.
Waris Q, Ashfaq T. 2013. Role of Garlic Usage in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: An Evidence-Based Approach. J Evid Based Compl Altern Med 2: 1-9.
Yang DJ, Moh SH, Son DH, You S, Kinyua AW, Ko CM, Song M, Yeo J, Choi YH, Kim KW. 2016. Gallic acid promotes wound healing in normal and hyperglucidic conditions. Molecules 21: 899.
Yarnell E. 2018. Herbs for Viral Respiratory Infections. Altern Complement Ther 24: 35–43.
Yi LV, Kwok-Fai SO, Nai-Kei WO, Jia XI. 2019. Anticancer activities of S-allylmercaptocysteine from aged garlic. Chin J Nat Med 17: 43-9.
You WC, Brown LM, Zhang L, Li JY, Jin ML, Chang YS, Ma JL, Pan KF, Liu WD, Hu Y, Crystal-Mansour S. 2006. Randomized double-blind factorial trial of three treatments to reduce the prevalence of precancerous gastric lesions. J Natl Cancer Inst 98: 974-83.
Yousuf S, Ahmad A, Khan A, Manzoor N, Khan LA. 2010. Effect of diallyldisulphide on an antioxidant enzyme system in Candida species. Can J Microbiol 56: 816-21.
Zamani Taghizadeh Rabe S, Ghazanfari T, Siadat Z, Rastin M, Zamani Taghizadeh Rabe S, Mahmoudi M. 2015. Anti-inflammatory effect of garlic 14-kDa protein on LPS-stimulated-J774A.1 macrophages. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 37: 158-64.
Zhang N, Xuesong Huang, Yanhua Zeng, Xiyang Wu, Xichun Peng, 2013. Study on prebiotic effectiveness of neutral garlic fructan in vitro. Food Sci Human Wellness 2: 119-123.
Zhang N. 2013. Study on prebiotic effectiveness of neutral garlic fructan in vitro. Food Sci Hum 2: 119–123.
Zhang Y, Liu X, Ruan J, Zhuang X, Zhang X, Li Z. 2020. Phytochemicals of garlic: Promising candidates for cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 123: 109730.
Zhou X, Qian H, Zhang D, Zeng L. 2020. Garlic intake and the risk of colorectal cancer: A metaanalysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 99: e18575. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000018575 .
© CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-226015
Chanda S, Dikshit N. 2023. Garlic (Allium sativum L.): An overview of its biochemical composition, functional properties, ayurvedic, therapeutic and ethnoveterinary uses. J Med Aromat Plant Sci 45: 89-107.
