Volume: 39 Issue: 2
Algae as novel bioprospecting screen for bioactivity profiling of phytotherapeutic molecules and drugs
Year: 2017, Page: 57-75, Doi: https://doi.org/10.62029/jmaps.v39i2.Arora
Received: Nov. 10, 2017 Accepted: Nov. 26, 2017 Published: Dec. 31, 2017
The drug discovery protocols for searching clinical molecules and/ or formulations for treating human ailments are undergoing radical changes these days. These changing paradigms have not only resulted in the judicious involvement of various biological skills in the drug discovery process but have also demanded changes in the screening models for the initial evaluation of new candidate drugs. One of the most pressing demand in this context is the minimization of animal use in drug development process. A sense of balance between the requirement of animal research and animal welfare can only be attained through awareness and advancement of alternative models to substitute the conventional in vivo testing animal models. Despite significant advances in biomedical research, very few breakthroughs have been made in the search for alternative screens to animal testing. This review gives a brief account of the potential possibilities of using algae as model organisms in human drug research and discusses the promise this animal substituted screen holds for profiling of bioactivities of plant derived drug leads. In this context, unicellular microalgae are gaining larger preference as experimental systems in drug screening because they have many specialized functions that mimic those of humans. Many features of the eukaryotic cilia and algal flagella are conserved from algae to mammals and the flagella of algae are structurally and molecularly equivalent to the cilia of animal cells. The critical role of cilia in diverse processes such as left right axis pattern formation, sensory reception and signaling in nerve cells, cerebrospinal fluid flow, renal physiology, mucociliary clearance etc. exemplify that they have been customized as versatile tools for studying numerous biological processes in human beings. The flagella of the marine algae Dunaliella and the freshwater Chlamydomonas resemble very much the cilia lining of the bronchial tubes in human upper respiratory tract. The flagella of these microalgae respond to smoke, alcohol or phenols as do the cilia in the human bronchial tube. In addition Chlamydomonas and mammalian cells have been shown to have same molecular targets for various antitumor agents. The algal platforms described here have been found to be well suited to screen massive libraries of phytomolecules and to explore chemical perturbations on a large scale. Combining high throughput screening capacity with flagellar and other cellular perturbations across these green motile unicellular organisms shall permit new insights into the drug screening procedures in human pharmacology.
Keywords: Algal screen, Bioprospection, Chlamydomonas, Cilia, Ciliopathies, Dunaliella, Flagella, Phytopharmaceuticals
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